Pigmentation refers to the colouring of the skin, which is primarily determined by the presence and distribution of a pigment called melanin. Melanin is produced by cells called melanocytes, which are found in the basal layer of the epidermis, the outermost layer of the skin. The amount and distribution of melanin in the skin determine its colour. Hyperpigmentation and Hypopigmentation are two main types of pigmentation. Hyperpigmentation occurs when there is an excess production of melanin, leading to dark patches or spots on the skin. Common types of hyperpigmentation include age spots, melasma, and post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation (PIH). Hypopigmentation occurs when there is a decrease or loss of melanin production, resulting in lighter patches or spots on the skin. Vitiligo is a well-known example of hypopigmentation.
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